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Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury
Robert de Bellême (– after 1130), seigneur de Bellême (or Belèsme), seigneur de Montgomery, viscount of the Hiémois, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury and Count of Ponthieu, was an Anglo-Norman nobleman, and one of the most prominent figures in the competition for the succession to England and Normandy between the sons of William the Conqueror. He was a member of the powerful House of Bellême.
Robert became notorious for his alleged cruelty. The chronicler Orderic Vitalis calls him "Grasping and cruel, an implacable persecutor of the Church of God and the poor... unequalled for his iniquity in the whole Christian era." The stories of his brutality may have inspired the legend of Robert the Devil.
==Early life==
Robert was the oldest surviving son of Roger of Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and Mabel de Bellême, born probably between 1052 and 1056.〔George Edward Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage; or, a History of the House of Lords and all its Members from the Earliest Times'', Vol XI, ed. Geoffrey H. White (London: The St. Catherine Press, Ltd., 1949), p. 689〕 In 1070 after the death of his great-uncle Yves Bishop of Sées his parents brought him to Bellême, which at that time became his mother's inheritance, and as the oldest surviving son it would eventually be his.〔His older brother Roger died young, before 1060–62 when Robert attested a charter for St. Aubin of Angers. See: Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage'', Vol XI (1949), p. 690 & note (b). This placed Robert in line to obtain his parents' inheritances in Normandy, where the law distinguished between acquisitions and inheritances. Acquisitions were those lands obtained by conquest or purchase while a parent's (typically father's) Norman ancestral lands were heritable by the eldest son. This was later codified in the ''Leges Henrici Primi'' which stated: "The Ancestral fee of the father is to go to the first-born son; but he may give his purchases or later acquisitions to whomsoever he prefers". For a time after the Conquest this took the form of the eldest son, now Robert, inheriting the Norman lands of his ancestors while the second son, Hugh, was given the English honors his father had acquired. See: James Clarke Holt, ''Colonial England, 1066–1215'' (London: The Hambledon Press, 1997) pp. 116–121 (& notes); also C. Warren Hollister, ''Henry I'' (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 47 & n.〕〔George Edward Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage; or, a History of the House of Lords and all its Members from the Earliest Times'', Vol XI, ed. Geoffrey H. White (London: The St. Catherine Press, Ltd., 1949), p. 690〕
In 1073 when the Conqueror invaded Maine, Robert was knighted by William at the siege of Fresnai castle.〔Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Vol. II, trans. Thomas Forester (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), p. 75〕 By now probably of age and independent of his father he took part in the 1077 revolt of the young Robert Curthose against Duke William.〔Robert de Bellême was typical of his generation, the sons of William's companions who had earned their great honors and titles at the battle of Hastings in 1066. This newer generation did not share the values and attitudes of their fathers but rather had different experiences altogether. They had inherited their wealth and status, not earned it. Yet this next generation expected royal favor and patronage without attending court or serving the king in any capacity. They often rebelled when they felt they were not being treated with the dignity and respect they deserved. See: Charlotte A. Newman, ''The Anglo-Norman Nobility in the Reign of Henry I, The Second Generation'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988), pp. 17–18; also: William M. Aird, ''Robert `Curthose', Duke of Normandy (C. 1050–1134)'' (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2011), pp. 69–70, 83.〕〔 When Robert's mother, Mabel, was killed , Robert inherited her vast estates.〔J. F. A. Mason, 'Roger de Montgomery and His Sons (1067–1102)', ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'', 5th series vol. 13 (1963) p. 13〕 But at this point Duke William took the added precaution of garrisoning the Bellême castles with his own soldiers, which was his ducal right.〔C. Warren Hollister, ''Henry I'' (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 65〕 On hearing the news of William the Conqueror's death in 1087, Robert's first act was to expel the ducal garrisons from all his castles.〔
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